What is anxiety?

Anxiety is a normal human response to stress or perceived threat. It can prompt focus, preparation, or quick reactions. Anxiety becomes a concern when it is persistent, intense, or interferes with daily life.

Anxiety as a human response

The stress response system triggers physiological changes—such as increased heart rate, faster breathing, and muscle tension—designed to prepare the body for action. Modern stressors can activate this response repeatedly, which may contribute to ongoing anxiety.

Common symptoms

• Physical: racing heart, shortness of breath, muscle tension, fatigue

• Cognitive: persistent worry, racing thoughts, difficulty concentrating

• Emotional: fear, nervousness, irritability, feeling overwhelmed

• Behavioural: avoidance, restlessness, reassurance-seeking

Experiencing symptoms does not automatically indicate a mental health disorder. Persistent or worsening symptoms should be assessed by a professional.

Factors influencing anxiety

Anxiety results from a combination of:

• Biological factors: genetics, nervous system sensitivity, physical health

• Psychological factors: past experiences, coping styles, thought patterns

• Social and environmental factors: work pressures, financial stress, major life changes

• Cultural context: how anxiety is understood, expressed, and addressed

Educational Guide Download

A detailed educational guide is available for readers who would like a more in-depth overview of anxiety in the Australian context. The guide expands on the topics covered on this page, including:

• Anxiety as a normal human stress response

• Common physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioural symptoms

• Factors that influence anxiety at individual and community levels

• How anxiety is understood in public health

• Pathways to support in Australia

Anxiety: Understanding Symptoms, Risk Factors and Support in Australia (PDF)

Download here